|
|
|
Society. Hypostases
Love monohypostatic
In the works of
Fr. Sergei Bulgakov
Statically,
the unihypostatic personality is the center of self-affirmation and of repulsion;
it is egocentric.
Self-love
For the monohypostatic subject, for which this love is
self-love,
that does not overcome the limitedness and self-enclosedness of the subject.
But how are self-revelation and life realized in the absolute trihypostatic spirit?
In its general scheme, this self-revelation cannot be different from that of any spirit, even a relative one. Every spirit has its own personal self-consciousness;
then, the knowledge of its nature or its self-revelation;
and finally, life in this nature, the living-out of this knowledge as its own reality and life. In the self-revelation of the spirit there are, therefore, a certain ideal element, the
"word,"
and a real element, the
connection
between this subject (person)
and the predicate (the definition of its nature), its own being and life, its
is.
This scheme of self-revelation corresponds to the life of every creaturely spirit in its limitedness, which is due not only to its monohypostatizedness but also to its state of becoming. This limitedness is expressed, first of all, in the fact that nature in the self-revelation of the spirit is for it the
given
and, in a certain sense, an extra-positing, an
object in the subject,
which for this reason does not fully possess it. And therefore its life in this nature is also the given or the
state
of the object, which has place in it or above it, but also does not belong to it in an I-like manner, is for it a kind of
"it,"
not fully hypostatized (whence different forms of the
subconscious). Finally, the self-revelation of I is, of course, its love for this its
own,
a love which is its life. But this love is limited in a twofold sense: it is partial according to object and self-enclosed according to the monohypostatizedness of the subject, for which this love is
self-love
that does not overcome the limitedness and self-enclosedness of the subject.
The monohypostatic absolute can — not for the sake of love, but in its omnipotence, — indulge its despotic capriciousness.
It can create for itself playthings of creation if only for the purpose of destroying them.
The absolute that is not trinitarian, that is not love (if it is at all possible to conceive such a product of mystical reveries and philosophical fantasy), can remain
alone,
enjoying itself in the boundlessness of its egotism (which is rather the image age of Lucifer). It can — not for the sake of love, but in its omnipotence indulging its despotic capriciousness — create for itself playthings of creation if only for the purpose of destroying them. But this nightmarish image, full of contradictions, can arise only in the morbid imagination.
Monohypostatic Absolute is limited from within
It is impossible to love only oneself, to live only in oneself and only for oneself, withdrawing into oneself, without going out of oneself.
God the despot, self-ruler, selfish, languishing in His self-isolation and having the world only to satisfy egoism, knowing no equal in himself, is not God.
1. С.
Subject in relation to everything or to the world
(«the only one and his property»). The absolute subject possesses the world in an absolute way. The world is its self-disclosure. The absolute subject loves himself and contemplates himself in the world of absolute and self-sufficient love. But in this possession for
oneself,
possession for
oneself
and only for
oneself,
lies the
boundary
that our thinking of the absolute stumbles over. If the absolute subject is one, then he is
alone
in his possession of
everything.
Love for oneself through one's revelation is the ultimate
metaphysical egoism,
and at the same time limitedness, inability to get out of oneself, some ontological poverty and misery. Any being that is conscious of itself catholically is richer than this monohypostasic absolute, exhausted by its absoluteness, which has nothing to do with itself, no one and no reason to open up and no one to love. This Luciferic, egoistic selfishness (which Spinoza somehow did not feel in his Deus sive natura)
destroys the
dignity
of the absolute, makes it the plaything of his egoism, even deprives him of his life. It is impossible to love only oneself, to live only in oneself and only for oneself, withdrawing into oneself, without going out of oneself. Loving yourself and your own, you need to love not yourself. If you have an object of absolute love, you can love it not with personal love, and in your own love not yourself, but another.
Only such love is free love, knowing no boundaries. Just as
I
does not exist in its uniqueness, but is a member of a certain
we,
so absolute love is not given to an absolute, monohypostatic, lonely subject, but requires overcoming the boundaries of metaphysical egoism. As
I
am a function of many-unity, catholicity, so the absolute relation to the world requires liberation from metaphysical singleness. God the despot, self-ruler, selfish, languishing in His self-isolation and having the world only to satisfy egoism, knowing no equal in himself, is not God. Thus arises the postulate of a Deity which, being one, insofar as it follows from its absoluteness, would at the same time be
not-one,
but in itself catholic. The concept of the absolute, as a ruler of the world, therefore also leads to an aporia, for it is contradictory. It must simultaneously satisfy the requirements of unity and multi-unity;
the first corresponds to the absoluteness of being, the second to the absoluteness of the image of possession. These are the postulates.
Mono-hypostatic absolute having everything for itself could not have it otherwise than as some given or object, consequently
not-I,
which would belong to him, as its content, but would not be himself, consequently, from within him limited.
It suffices for a moment to oppose the luminous trinity with the mono-hypostatic nature of the absolute, which would have everything for itself. He could not have it otherwise than as some given or object, consequently
not-I,
which would belong to him, as its content, but would not be himself, consequently, from within him limited. On the other hand, he would have it alone, for himself, and he would be opposed from everywhere by the border
not-I,
emptiness, in which he would suffocate from loneliness and isolation. Thus, it is clear that the idea of absolute mono-hypostaticity leads to obvious hopelessness, and only tri-hypostaticity, in which life is self-giving and self-acquisition, frees one from them.
The
I's attempt to lock itself in Luciferically, loving oneself with absolute love, makes him only a victim of this limitation of his, affirmed as absoluteness (Fichteanism). The boundary
I
is vitally removed in love, where
I
is preserved, destroying itself, going beyond its limits to another
I, and then it becomes the image of the Absolute Spirit in relation to his hypostatic existence. The absoluteness of the hypostasis is resolutely opposed by the limitedness of
I, taken in the singular, it requires going beyond this line. But in the created nature, this limitedness is only reaffirmed by this exit, for here, next to one
I, other
I
are placed, absolute centers multiply, and this multiplicity testifies to the relativity of all of them. This could be absent only in that one case, if the exit to another
I
is not an exit beyond the limits of its being, but remains inside it, therefore, it will take place not in the one-hypostatic, but in the
not-mono-hypostatic spirit. According to Christian revelation, God is a trinitarian spirit, having three faces and one being, the One in the Trinity and the Trinity in the One: “The One, moving from the beginning to the two, stopped at the Trinity” (St. Gregory of Nazianzus). The absolute mono-hypostatic, having itself and everything in an unconditional way, would be not only
contradictio in adjecto,
but also an expression of metaphysical egoism, absolute limitation, Satanism. But if the postulate of the
non-mono-hypostasis of the Absolute Spirit is also accessible to the limited spirit, then the secret of this
non-mono-hypostasis of the Absolute Spirit cannot be revealed by him in the implementation, it becomes the subject of a frank teaching about the Most Holy Trinity, which, to a degree accessible to the created consciousness, brings it closer to its comprehension.
This creaturely world is alien to Him;
His devouring will is for us the unfathomable arbitrariness of the Absolute, which is inhuman and unworldly because it is supramundane. Besides fear and trepidation, He inspires no other feeling: the cold, airless expanses are impenetrable for the rays of love. This is a horrible metaphysical nightmare from which creation seeks to hide in its immanence. The being of the world desires to enclose itself in the world, to save itself from this icy Absolute by not recognizing it, and under the pretext of ignorance (agnosticism)
to immerse itself in practical atheism, i.e., cosmotheism. This is the other side of the transcendentalism of the Absolute, its dialectical antithesis: the absolutization of the immanent and relative.
The monohypostatic God
for His own sake needs
the world and thus the world enters as a necessary element into the divine life. God
before
creation is not
what He is after
creation, and on the other hand, the world becomes God, in so far as it enters into the inner life of the Godhead. In this way the sinister tints of
pantheism,
theocosmism, appear in the doctrine of monohypostatic theism.
At the same time the world placed in direct and immediate relation with God is powerless to endure this relation without losing its own self-existence. … the absolute losing its own absoluteness as a result of the absence of a proper inner life, and the relative being exhausted in the embraces of the absolute. The monohypostatic absolute subject is power which in itself has no manifestation and needs the creation of the world. It is the open embraces which are empty and need creation, but as for the world, it is the
sacrifice
of the hunger of the Absolute, doomed to combustion in Its fire.
Up to this point, before it is a question of a personal God, an absolute Subject, faceless divinity as a divine aggregate of the powers of the world willy-nilly dissolves in the world in the twilight of pantheism (or what is the same, atheism). But once an absolute Subject, the living God, pre-worldly and transcendent, is thought, in the limits of monohypostaseity the proposition becomes interminable and the cosmological problem irresolvable.
Hopelessness of the monohypostatic absolute Subject
The monohypostatic Absolute with the absence of a proper inner life.
The relative, exhausted in the embraces of the Absolute.
The Absolute, losing its absoluteness due to the absence of a proper inner life, and the relative, exhausted in the embraces of the Absolute. A monohypostatic absolute subject is a power that in itself has no manifestation and needs to create a world. It is the open embraces that are empty and in need of creation, and the world is a
victim
of the hunger of the Absolute, doomed to burning in His fire. Until the point is not yet about a personal God, not an absolute Subject, the impersonal deity, like the divine aggregate of the forces of the world, simply dissolves into the world at dusk pantheism (or, what is the same, atheism). But once an absolute Subject is thought, a living God, pre-worldly and transcendent, within the limits of mono-hypostaseity, the situation becomes hopeless, and the cosmological problem is not solvable. Hence follows the natural desire to seek mediation, an attempt to place between God and the world a kind of super-creature, obscuring the world from God and burning in scorching fire. This super-creature, which is neither God nor the world but something in between — μεταξύ — is the demiurge through which God created the world. From here completely logically Arius develops the doctrine of the mediator
between
God and the world which, in conjunction with the church doctrine of Jesus Christ, develops into a peculiar heretical Christology.
«Narcissism» of Satan's Fall
In «narcissism» lies the principle of the fall of Satan, tan, who fell in love with himself, who came to love
his own
with an egotistical, self-asserting love.
In the creaturely, sinful world, love for one's own, that is, in essence, love for oneself, acquires the character of self-love and prejudice, in virtue of which this «one's own» is prized not at its essential and true worth but precisely as one's own;
this is the egotistical admiration of one's own image, «narcissism». Herein lies the principle of the fall of Satan, tan, who fell in love with himself, who came to love his own with an egotistical, self-asserting love.
But after the final division, when the world will become the Kingdom of God, Satan and his angels will be left again definitively without nature;
they will be submerged in the state of metaphysical emptiness:
a hypostasis thirsting for natural life and not having it
—
the fire that does not go out
and
the worm that does not sleep
—
"the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels"
through his expulsion from the world.
What can the life of fallen angels be like and in what do they become firmly established?
After their fall, having been torn away from God, they lost the possibility of living by divine nature and uniting with the assembly of angels to be reciprocally completed in it. Their existence was devastated and became like a spiritual death, but personal immortality and thirst for life remained inalienably theirs. They kept the spiritual-psychic structure of life with all its possibilities: will, reason, the capacity for psychic movement, but all this became without nature and empty. But
up to a time
this emptiness is filled up parasitically;
evil is nourished by good and hatred by love
through combat
with them, originally in the heavenly world and after their downfall from heaven in ours.
"Woe to you living on earth and in the sea, because the devil has come down to you in powerful fury, knowing that not much time remains for him"
(Revelation 12:12).
The fall of Satan occurred, so to say,
with a view to
the human world in which he desired to become
"the prince of this world,"
its god, to ravish it away from God and thus fill up the lack in his own life.
The existence of Satan and demons is parasitical;
they are nourished by the fumes of this world;
they strike at its sinful passions and strive to corrupt it, making of it their own nature which they are lacking. Therefore the seducer,
"the ancient serpent,"
already appears in the garden of paradise gaining the victory over our ancestors;
so too in the desert he endeavors to tempt the Lord already as master of the world, by showing to Him in visions all his dependent kingdoms. And further he will lead an uncompromising, last struggle with the true King of the world. He enters Judas after the morsel is given to him
(John 13:27)
in order to destroy the Lord through him ("the prince of this world comes"
[John 14:30]), but it turns out that he is
"judged"
(16:11)
and
"driven out of there"
(12:31),
and that
"the powers are removed from the principalities and authorities"
(Colossians 2:15).
But until this definitive expulsion from the world and casting down
"into the lake of fire"
(Revelation 19:20;
20:10),
the devil will wage a tireless struggle for this world, right up to the last rebellion of Gog and Magog which he will stir up
(Revelation 20:7-8)
and to the final attempt to become human in
"the man of sin, the son of perdition"
(2 Thessalonians 2:3-4).
In this manner, although Satan and his angels have shut themselves off from the possibility of spiritual growth and knowledge, being separated from God, still in their parasitic existence they display a certain progress in evil and the work of evil;
their metaphysical egoism becomes dynamic out of its stasis;
their emptiness crosses over into efficacy.
But after the final division, when the world will become the Kingdom of God, Satan and his angels will be left again definitively without nature;
they will be submerged in the state of metaphysical emptiness: a hypostasis thirsting for natural life and not having it —
the fire that does not go out
and
the worm that does not sleep
—
"the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels"
through his expulsion from the world. This state of naked subjectivity without any possibility of being freed from it and of slaking it, which people who have devastated themselves also share, represents the hellish fire of ultimate metaphysical suffering, the state of hypostatic life without nature. It has as its source the cold of egoism, freedom in non-love. God leaves Satan in his own wilfulness, in that spiritual blind alley to which he led himself. Can this experience of emptiness, of the definitive bankruptcy of rebelling creatureliness remain fruitless and is there no longer any path of repentance?
The church keeps this question under the ban, as one that cannot be accommodated to our current consciousness.
The burning in hell is the torment of love
Love cannot be monohypostatic, egocentric, self-directed. This is a contradictio in adjecto.
St. Isaac the Syrian once expressed the thought that the burning in hell is the torment of love.
Thus saith the Lord GOD: “will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.”
(Eze 28:11-18).
This extinguishing of love for God leads to the awakening of spiritual self-love, egocentrism, isolation and self-blinding, self-immersion, the seeing only of self, excessive pride in oneself. Satanical pride is a manifestation of the extinguishing of love for God;
it obscures the image of God, the image of sacrificial and self-renouncing trihypostatic love, in which each of the hypostases acquires its own personal center not in itself but outside of itself, in other hypostases. Opposed to this humility and altruism of divine love is the pride of satanical unlove, which is incorrectly called
"self-love,"
for this is a contradiction in terms: Love cannot be monohypostatic, egocentric, self-directed. A self-lover has no one and nothing to love in the case of this identity of the subject and object of love. Such an egocentric self-godhood inevitably contains the ineradicable, insurmountable consciousness of all the falsity of these pretensions, of this self-deification. Creatures
know
their creatureliness and, in this sense, their nondivinity or
"nothing"-ness. Creatures are conscious of their createdness or givenness for themselves. To attribute
one's own to oneself
is a plundering, which is expressed in a cold fire of envy and a hatred of God to which this envy gives rise. It is expressed in a devouring rivalry with Him, in a madness of despair, in writhings and convulsions of envy. Here, creatures must continuously convince themselves that they are the equals of the Creator and even superior to Him. This is the fatal chain of satanical inflamement: unlove, pride, envy, hatred, despair, the dark flame. St. Isaac the Syrian once expressed the thought that the burning in hell is the torment of love: extinguishing love in themselves, beings created by love, in love, and for love do not stop being tormented precisely by what constitutes the inner law of their being. From the radiant flame of love, they become submerged in the dark, freezing, hellish fire of envy, hatred, malice. Hatred is the negative energy of love, love with a minus sign. But it preserves its
"absolute"
value, that power of love by which these beings are defeated in their spiritual suicide, which does not know death. The spirit that is in the image of God is a loving being;
this spirit is created for love, which determines this spirit's entire life even in a fallen state. Satanical wickedness is the dark infernal face of inextinguishable love, love that has turned into its opposite.
Individuality
Born in natural sin, human personality is not only a hypostasis created by God in His image,
but also an individuality,
which keeps aloof and separates itself from others.
After the fall every hypostasis began to live after its own reckoning, as an individuality, and together all proved to be enslaved to the debt of sin, and became children of wrath — τέκνα όργῆς
(Eph 2:3).
Individuality
is the reflected light of the Morning Star on a human being whom he desired to pervert according to the image of his metaphysical egotism — a multi-hypostaseity
without love.
One ought to note particularly the consequence of natural sin indicated above: human personality is born in it not only as a hypostasis created by God in His image,
but also as an individuality,
which keeps aloof and separates itself from others. Through this the natural, ontological equality of people as multiple centres not only of a similar but also of a common single life becomes obscured and perverted. The wholeness of the human race collapses and comes unravelled together with the loss of chastity, and in place of multi-unity multi-difference appears, bad plurality, in place of concentricism there is eccentricism. This plural number contains the satanic lie, namely the
like gods,
which knows not only good but also evil, i.e., its own limitedness, and which is always carrying with itself its own shadow.
Individuality
is the reflected light of the Morning Star on a human being whom he desired to pervert according to the image of his metaphysical egotism — a multi-hypostaseity
without love.
It is in this sense the consequence of original sin: fallen humankind knows hypostasis only in the form of individuality, and the whole of humanity decomposes into individualities which logic considers possible to unite only in the abstract, by mentally inferring in brackets universal signs.
The loss of one's soul for the sake of Christ, that is, liberation from the captivity of individuality, is the condition of Christian salvation. But in the fallen world individuality is the sole form for the life of the soul, just as a sinful body is for the life of the flesh, and only life in Christ
liberates the hypostasis from individuality,
leading it into the multi-unity in love that is necessary for it, into the Church. Thus, we repeat once again, quite out of place is the question of whether the individuality of Adam has no decisive meaning for original sin: before the fall into sin there was no individuality, separating him from others, and Adam really was the
representative
of the entire human multi-hypostatic race. In him and his person every human hypostasis lived and acted harmoniously. So it was
before
the fall into sin, but after the fall it became otherwise: every hypostasis began to live after its own reckoning, as an individuality, and together all proved to be enslaved to the debt of sin, and became children of wrath — tekna orges
(Eph 2:3).
… The
fullness
of the human race, as well as of the angelic assembly, exists from all eternity in Divinity, and this fullness is revealed in the simultaneous creation of the angels and in the gradual creation of human beings in the course of time. The entire fullness of humanity, however, which is actualized in reproduction, is already precontained and precreated in Adam. But this pre-eternal eternal existence in God does not signify some other, preexistent life of the creaturely spirits, a life that is replaced by earthly life and represents a segment of it, as it were. The human world does not preexist «in heaven» as in another world, but it does find there a sufficient basis for itself: as far as its nature is concerned, the human world is based on the Proto-Images of the Divine world, and its hypostases are rooted in divine life. The creaturely hypostases are images of the noncreaturely Divine hypostases. These multihypostatic images, in their singularity, do not reflect God's trihypostatizedness;
they can only reflect its individual hypostases. But can the Paternal Hypostasis be the Proto-Image for the creaturely hypostases when it itself is revealed in Sophia, the Divine world, not in its own countenance, but through the Son and the Holy Spirit?
Even if one can admit the existence of holy angels corresponding to the Paternal Hypostasis, angels who are always submerged in Divinity as in Mystery and Silence, the image of the human hypostasis can only come from the hypostases that
reveal
the Father, both in His proper divine world and in the creaturely world.
The first of these hypostases is the hypostasis of the Logos;
He is the Proto-Image of the creaturely human hypostases, and they are His rays: “That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world”
(John 1:9).
The human spiritual countenances are images of the Logos, the Man from Heaven. Insofar as the Logos as Christ gathers them into His body, into the Church, it is said about them that “there is neither male nor female”
(Gal. 3:28).
Together with the Logos, the Third hypostasis is also the Proto-Image for the human hypostases, because the Third hypostasis reposes upon the Son and, together with Him, reveals the Father in the heavenly humanity. (In the Incarnation this hypostasis corresponds to the divine maternity, manifested by the Virgin Mary, the Spirit-bearer.)
In other words, the human hypostases have a double Proto-Image, which belongs to the heavenly humanity in its two countenances: the Logos and the Holy Spirit. This also corresponds to the fact that man, created in the image of God, was created as both male and female, and the context of
Genesis 1:26-27
compels one to see the fullness of the image of God precisely in this bi-unity. In man, a clear distinction is established between male and female, expressed in the fact that the female was made out of one of the male's ribs (not directly out of the dust of the earth)
and, in general, in the fact that the male plays the dominant role, since he bears the image of the demiurgic hypostasis, the Logos. Male and female, differing as two distinct images of man, bear, in their unity, the fullness of humanity and, in this humanity, the fullness of the image of God: they bear the imprint of the dyad of the Son and the Holy Spirit, who reveal the Father. In their ability to reproduce, they contain the image of multi-unity that is inscribed in the human race as a whole. Thus, man is an uncreated-created, divine-cosmic being, divine-human in his structure by his very origin. He is the living image of the trihypostatic God in His Wisdom.
Tri-hypostatic love
vs
mono-hypostatic
Monohypostatic love for oneself is a product of selfish limitations and pride, but such is not the love for oneself of a trihypostatic subject, for it is the revelation of one's own as
not-one's own, the revelation of the nature of oneself as another, not the pride of self-affirming limitation, but humility, self-denying, boundless love. This love of God is not only the pre-eternal
act
of life, but also its
content, inseparably connected with each other, and this connection is the basis of the revelation of God's creation, the transition from the transcendent to the immanent.
It is now impossible to say about the trihypostatic God that which inescapably has to be said about the monohypostatic monad that
needs
the world: the life of the trihypostatic Godhead, as Love, as pre-eternal mutuality and self-revelation, is absolutely self-sufficient and complete, it needs no one and nothing and cannot have any supplementing. The trihypostatic God lives in Himself, i.e., in the Holy Trinity, and this Life is a pre-eternally realizing Fullness. Hence the world
is not necessary
for God himself and it is powerless to add any supplementing to the Fullness. The world is entirely a creation of the generous and magnanimous love of God, a love
which gives and which receives nothing.
God is necessary for the world as its foundation and goal, but not the reverse. By trihypostaseity
the solitude
of the Absolute subject, his aloneness, is overcome, and thanks to this victory the monohypostatic God is compelled as it were to create the world. The Trihypostatic God is one in His triunity, but not alone…
See also
|